Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is a type of thermoplastic made from the polymerization of ethylene. This process results in a structure with both linear and branched molecules, contributing to its lower density compared to High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). The branching prevents tight packing of the polymer chains, making LDPE less rigid and more flexible. It has a melting point around 105-115°C. Due to its molecular structure, LDPE is transparent, resistant to moisture, and acts as a good insulator. Its flexibility and durability make it ideal for applications like plastic bags, containers, and flexible film packaging. However, its resilience to chemicals and impact is lower compared to more densely packed polymers.

When carbon dioxide dissolves in water. it forms carbonic acid. a weak acid. That's how carbon dioxide causes ocean acidification.

Titanium is obtained primarily through the Kroll process, first developed in the 1940s. The starting material is titanium dioxide (TiO2), extracted from ores like ilmenite and rutile. The TiO2 is first converted to titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) by reacting it with chlorine gas and carbon at high temperatures. Next, in the Kroll process, TiCl4 is reduced by magnesium (Mg) in a more manageable temperature range, producing titanium metal and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as byproducts. The resulting titanium sponge is then melted in a vacuum or inert atmosphere to produce ingots. These ingots can be further processed into various titanium products, including sheets, bars, and tubes. Despite its efficiency, the Kroll process is energy-intensive and costly, motivating research into alternative extraction methods, such as the FFC Cambridge process, which could potentially reduce costs and environmental impact.