Titanium, a strong, lightweight metal, is primarily derived from the minerals rutile and ilmenite, found in Earth's crust. These minerals are mined and then processed to extract titanium dioxide, a key ingredient for various industries, particularly for pigment and aerospace manufacturing. Titanium metal is produced through the Kroll process, which involves reducing titanium dioxide with chlorine and then with magnesium. Despite its abundance in the Earth's crust, the complexity of its extraction and processing makes titanium more costly than some other metals.

In addition to being common in the Earth's crust. titanium is also found in almost all living things. water. rocks. and soil. Titanium ores include ilmenite. rutile. and ore. It is also found in meteorites. the sun. and other stars. Rutile and ilmenite are mainly found in Australia. India. South Africa. Sri Lanka and beach deposits along the East Coast of the United States.

The preparation of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles involves utilizing sol-gel synthesis. hydrothermal. and precipitation methods. Through carefully controlled reactions. these nanoparticles are created for widespread use. For instance. they can effectively protect against harmful UV rays in sunscreens and also function as semiconductors in electronic sensors. Furthermore. they have the ability to break down pollutants through a photocatalytic reaction for environmental purification. In medicine. they serve as drug delivery agents and promote wound healing due to their antimicrobial properties. As a result. the versatile applications of these nanoparticles extend across multiple industries.