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Q titanium dioxide chemical bonding and structure
BillRayleign
MalcolmCharley Release Time: March 21, 2024, 10:07 PM
Titanium dioxide. also known as TiO2. has a crystal structure that combines both ionic and covalent bonds. Within the structure. each titanium atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms while each oxygen atom is surrounded by three titanium atoms. This arrangement forms a tetragonal lattice where the titanium atoms sit at the center of the octahedron which is formed by the oxygen atoms. Due to its transition metal nature. titanium can form various cations positively charged ions. with four being present in titanium dioxide. On the other hand. oxygen is more electronegative and carries a -2 charge. As a result. each titanium cation bonds to two oxygen anions. Even though these bonds exhibit some similarities. they also have distinct characteristics which contribute to the high melting point and hardness typically associated with covalent bonds. This can be explained by the small size and high charge of the Ti4 ion which creates an extensive electric field. causing distortion in the O2- elec...
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Q dangers of titanium dioxide
RaeAugustine
BillRayleign Release Time: March 18, 2024, 8:33 PM
Although titanium dioxide is a widely utilized additive in various items such as food. cosmetics. and sunscreen. there has been much dispute surrounding its safety. Typically. topical application and minimal ingestion pose no harm. with certain research suggesting that it does not permeate the skin. However. other studies raise red flags about potential risks. The primary concern is the possibility of inhaling fine particles. which can result in lung damage. particularly when using spray sunscreen. Furthermore. the International Agency for Research on Cancer labels titanium dioxide as potentially cancer-causing when consumed in large amounts through inhalation. Therefore. it is advisable for consumers to adhere to instructions and take precautions to avoid inhaling these products.
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Q when was titanium first used
JulietConnie
BillRayleign Release Time: February 28, 2024, 6:27 PM
Commercial production of titanium did not begin until the 1920s. Titanium was first used in the aerospace industry in the 1930s and 1940s.
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