Human bodies can produce 11 out of the 20 standard amino acids that are used to synthesize proteins. These are known as the non-essential amino acids: alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine (conditional). The remaining 9 essential amino acids must be obtained through diet. These include: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. The distinction between essential and non-essential amino acids is crucial for nutritional planning, especially in diets where protein sources are limited. Understanding which amino acids the body cannot produce guides the inclusion of certain foods or supplements to maintain a healthy balance and support bodily functions such as muscle repair, hormone synthesis, and immune responses.

Amino acids and steroids, though structurally different, play critical roles in biological systems by binding to specific receptors. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, interact with various molecules, including enzymes and other proteins, to facilitate reactions and structural functions. Conversely, steroids, which are lipid-soluble hormones, bind to intracellular receptors that act as transcription factors, influencing gene expression and cellular processes. Both amino acids and steroids have diverse interactions that are essential for maintaining homeostasis and physiological functions.

Dispersed innovation refers to the process of innovation that is spread out across various geographical locations and organizational units, rather than being centralized in one place or department. This approach leverages diverse perspectives and talents from multiple sources, which can lead to more creative and effective solutions. Dispersed innovation is facilitated by technology, enabling collaboration and the sharing of ideas globally. It is particularly effective in large, multinational companies and in fields where knowledge and expertise are distributed. By tapping into a wider array of knowledge and experiences, dispersed innovation can accelerate the development of new products, services, and processes, making organizations more competitive and adaptive.