Q
which group of organisms are capable of breaking down cellulose
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Organisms capable of breaking down cellulose, the major constituent of plant cell walls, include certain bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and some animals like termites and ruminants (e.g., cows, sheep). Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate and is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. Bacteria found in the gut of ruminants produce cellulase, an enzyme that breaks down cellulose into sugars, which the host animal can then utilize as a food source. Similarly, termites harbor symbiotic microorganisms in their guts that assist in cellulose digestion. Fungi, such as those in the phylum Ascomycota, also play a crucial role in the decomposition of cellulose in dead plant material, contributing significantly to nutrient cycling in ecosystems. These organisms possess the enzymatic capability to cleave the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in cellulose, transforming it into simpler compounds that can be absorbed and used as energy. The ability to decompose cellulose is a key factor in the ecosystem, aiding in the recycling of plant material and the flow of energy through food webs.
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