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In the realm of carbohydrates, a polymer refers to a complex molecule composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bonded together. These polymers are known as polysaccharides. Effective energy storage and structural support are primary roles. Examples include starch and cellulose in plants, where starch serves as an energy reserve and cellulose contributes to the plant's structural integrity. Similarly, glycogen acts as a storage form of glucose in animals. The formation of these polymers through glycosidic linkages is crucial for their varied functions in biological organisms, underlining their importance in both energy storage and providing structural components.
Carbohydrates and amino acids are fundamentally different types of molecules that serve distinct purposes in living organisms. Carbohydrates are primarily made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and serve as a major energy source for the body. They are classified based on their structure into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Amino acids, on the other hand, are the building blocks of proteins. They contain a basic amino group (-NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH), and a unique side chain that determines the character and function of each amino acid. Proteins, which are formed from long chains of amino acids, play various critical roles in the body including catalysis of metabolic reactions, DNA replication, and transporting molecules. Thus, while carbohydrates and amino acids are both vital for life, they are not the same class of molecules and serve different functions in biological systems.
In cholestyramine, the term "resin" refers to an ion-exchange resin, a substance that binds bile acids in the intestine. Cholestyramine's main function is to reduce cholesterol levels in the blood. It operates by binding to bile acids, which are made from cholesterol in the liver. Bile acids aid in digestion and are normally reabsorbed into the bloodstream; however, cholestyramine prevents their reabsorption. This forces the liver to use up more cholesterol to make new bile acids, thereby lowering the cholesterol levels in the blood. It's primarily used to treat high cholesterol levels and certain types of bile acid-related diarrhea. Despite its effectiveness, it can cause gastrointestinal side effects like constipation and bloating due to its mechanism of action.
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