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what is difference between cellulose and starch
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Oil grade 10W-40 refers to the viscosity level of motor oil, indicating its flow ability at different temperatures. The '10W' part means the oil's viscosity grade in cold weather (Winter), showing it can operate at -30°C (-22°F) without thickening too much. The number '40' denotes the oil's viscosity at high temperatures (100°C or 212°F), confirming it remains thicker under engine heat than lower-grade oils. This dual grading system, established by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), ensures that the oil provides adequate lubrication across a broad temperature range, making 10W-40 a versatile choice for vehicles operating in varying climates.
Hydraulic oil grade 46 is a mid-range viscosity hydraulic fluid, commonly used in various hydraulic systems and machinery. This type of oil is formulated to provide optimal lubrication, anti-wear properties, and thermal stability, catering to both high-pressure and high-temperature environments. The number 46 indicates the oil's viscosity grade according to ISO 3448, reflecting a mid-viscosity where the oil provides a good balance between flowability and pressure sustainment. Users should ensure that grade 46 aligns with their system’s requirements, as using the correct hydraulic oil grade is crucial for equipment efficiency and longevity. Additionally, it might contain additives to enhance properties like oxidation resistance, foam control, and water separability. It's crucial to refer to the machinery’s manual or consult with a professional to determine the exact specifications needed for your application.
Polymer science, a field that delves into the study of macromolecules and their properties, has its roots in the early 20th century. One pivotal figure in this history is Hermann Staudinger, a German chemist whose significant contributions laid the foundational principles of polymer chemistry. In 1920, Staudinger proposed that polymers were long chains of atoms bonded together, a revolutionary idea at the time, as the prevailing theory was that polymers were aggregates of small molecules. Despite initial skepticism, his research proved pivotal in understanding the structure and behavior of polymers, leading to the development of synthetic materials like nylon and polyethylene. Staudinger's work earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1953, solidifying his role as a foundational figure in polymer science. Today, the field has expanded into various applications, from medical devices to sustainable materials, thanks to the groundwork laid by Staudinger and his contemporaries.
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