Q
how amino acid go across the membrane
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Amino acids cross cell membranes primarily through transport proteins, as they cannot passively diffuse through the lipid bilayer due to their polar nature. This process, known as facilitated diffusion or active transport, depends on the amino acid's properties and the cell's needs. In facilitated diffusion, specific transporters in the membrane allow amino acids to pass without energy expenditure, moving from a higher to a lower concentration. Conversely, active transport requires energy in the form of ATP when moving amino acids against their concentration gradient. Additionally, some amino acids may be co-transported with ions like sodium, utilizing the ion gradient as an energy source to enter the cell. This selective and regulated transport is crucial for various cellular functions, including protein synthesis and energy production.
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