Q
what is isoelectric point of amino acid
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The isoelectric point (pI) of an amino acid is the pH at which the amino acid exists predominantly in a zwitterionic form, meaning it has no net electric charge. Every amino acid has both an amino group (–NH3+) and a carboxyl group (–COO–) that can gain or lose protons (H+ ions) depending on the pH of the surrounding environment. At low pH (acidic conditions), the amino acid is positively charged. At high pH (basic conditions), it is negatively charged. The pI value is specific to each amino acid due to differences in the side chains (R groups) that can also accept or donate protons. For amino acids with non-ionizable side chains, the pI is determined based on the pKa values of the amino and carboxyl groups. However, for those with ionizable side chains, the side chain’s pKa must also be considered. Understanding the isoelectric point is crucial in biochemistry and molecular biology, especially for protein purification and characterization procedures, as it helps predict the charge state of the amino acids (and thus proteins) under specific pH conditions.
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