Q
how the protein crosses the membrane amino acid
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[Proteins cross cellular membranes using various methods, depending on the protein's role, type, and the specific membrane. Generally, membrane proteins have hydrophobic (water-repelling) domains that allow them to integrate into the lipid bilayer. Transporter proteins, channels, and receptors are examples of membrane proteins that facilitate or regulate the passage of substances across the membrane. The insertion of proteins into the membrane can occur during synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, where translocon complexes assist in threading the protein into or across the membrane. Additionally, some proteins are post-translationally modified with lipid molecules, such as palmitoylation, which anchors them into the membrane. The specific amino acid sequence of a protein, especially the presence of hydrophobic amino acids, determines its interaction with the membrane and its final orientation within it. These mechanisms ensure that proteins correctly localize to cellular membranes, where they perform critical functions in cell signaling, substance transport, and intercellular interaction.]
[Proteins cross membranes through hydrophobic interactions or post-translational modifications, aided by mechanisms like translocons in the ER, adapted to their function and membrane type.]
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