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Neps in yarn refer to small entanglements or clusters of fibers that can occur naturally or as a result of the spinning and weaving processes. These tiny knots or balls are typically considered imperfections in the yarn, affecting its texture and appearance. In some fabrics, like tweed, neps are intentionally included to add a distinctive character and aesthetic appeal. However, in yarns aiming for a smooth and uniform look, neps are usually undesirable. The formation of neps can be influenced by the type of fiber, with some materials like cotton and wool being more prone to developing these irregularities. Advances in textile manufacturing technologies have aimed to reduce the incidence of unintentional neps, enhancing the quality and consistency of yarns.
Adhesion is considered a physical property, pertaining to the attraction between two different substances at their interface. It is largely governed by forces such as van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic forces. These interactions occur without the formation of new chemical bonds, which distinguishes adhesion as a physical rather than a chemical process. However, the strength and nature of adhesion can be influenced by the chemical properties of the materials involved (e.g., surface chemistry), which can modify the intensity and type of the physical interactions. This highlights that while adhesion itself is a physical property, it is closely related to and can be influenced by chemical properties.
Cell walls made of cellulose are a characteristic feature of plant cells, providing structural support, protection, and regulating the flow of water and nutrients. This polymer is the most abundant organic compound on Earth, and its presence is not limited to higher plants alone. Besides plants, cellulose is also found in the cell walls of green algae, a group of photosynthetic organisms that share a common ancestor with land plants. However, it's interesting to note that cellulose is not present in the cell walls of fungi, which use chitin for this purpose, or in the cell walls of bacteria, which use peptidoglycan. While some protists might have cell walls, these do not typically contain cellulose. Therefore, plants and green algae are the principal living organisms that boast cell walls made of cellulose, which plays a crucial role in their growth, mechanical resistance, and interaction with the environment.
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