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Polymers are large molecules formed by the repeated linking of small units called monomers. They are ubiquitous in both natural and synthetic forms. Natural polymers include DNA, which carries genetic information, and proteins, which perform essential functions in organisms. Cellulose, another natural polymer, is the structural component of plants. Synthetic polymers play vital roles in daily life, encompassing a wide range of materials from plastics like polyethylene (used in bags and packaging) and polystyrene (used for insulation and packaging) to synthetic fibers like nylon and polyester, used in textiles. Additionally, polymers such as silicone are utilized in medical devices and kitchenware due to their heat resistance and flexibility. The versatility of polymers comes from the ability to customize the chains of monomers, which determines the properties of the material, such as strength, flexibility, and resistance to heat and chemicals.
The synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan presents significant challenges. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet. The biosynthesis of tryptophan is complex, requiring several enzyme-catalyzed steps to convert chorismic acid to tryptophan. In microbes and plants, this pathway involves the coordination of several enzymes that are not all present in a single human cell, making its endogenous synthesis challenging, not just in humans, but also in various biotechnological contexts. Efforts to synthesize tryptophan and its precursors industrially for use in supplements or as a therapeutic have to reckon with these biochemical complexities, often requiring the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or multi-step chemical synthesis that can be inefficient and costly.
The synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan presents significant challenges. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet. The biosynthesis of tryptophan is complex, requiring several enzyme-catalyzed steps to convert chorismic acid to tryptophan. In microbes and plants, this pathway involves the coordination of several enzymes that are not all present in a single human cell, making its endogenous synthesis challenging, not just in humans, but also in various biotechnological contexts. Efforts to synthesize tryptophan and its precursors industrially for use in supplements or as a therapeutic have to reckon with these biochemical complexities, often requiring the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or multi-step chemical synthesis that can be inefficient and costly.
The question "Is polymer better or plastic?" might arise from a misunderstanding of these terms. Polymers are large molecules made from many repeated subunits, while plastics are a type of polymer that are moldable. This means all plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics. The suitability of polymers or plastics depends on the specific application. Polymers, in a broad sense, include natural substances like DNA and proteins, and synthetic materials used in a vast range of industries. Plastics, being a subset, are tailored for their durability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness in goods ranging from packaging to automotive parts. Thus, discerning "better" requires context - whether the need is for a specific material property, environmental impact, cost, or another factor. For biodegradable purposes, some non-plastic polymers might be preferred, whereas for manufacturing durable goods, plastics may be the choice.
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