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Q
what is variable range hopping in conductive polymers
I'm a seasoned industrial engineer with a keen interest in machine learning. Here to share insights on latest industry trends.
Variable range hopping (VRH) is a mechanism of electrical conduction that becomes relevant in disordered systems such as conductive polymers. In a pristine crystal conductor, electrons move by band conduction. However, in conductive polymers, the presence of disorder and localized states means that electrons cannot move freely through extended states. Instead, they "hop" from one localized site to another over varying distances. The VRH model suggests that this hopping conduction is temperature dependent. At lower temperatures, electrons may hop over longer distances, as they can gain enough thermal energy to overcome the larger energy barrier between distant localized states. This results in a characteristic temperature dependence of the conductivity, distinct from that observed in metals or intrinsic semiconductors. VRH is especially significant in understanding the electrical behavior of organic conductive polymers, which are typically amorphous or have a high degree of disorder. The concept is crucial for the design and optimization of organic electronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs).
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