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a polymer of amino acids
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Amino acids are organic compounds composed of a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and a variable side chain (R group) unique to each amino acid. They are the building blocks of proteins and play critical roles in various biological processes, including enzyme catalysis, nutrient transport, and muscle tissue repair. The properties of amino acids are largely determined by their side chains, which can be non-polar, polar, acidic, or basic. This diversity allows amino acids to engage in a wide range of interactions, influencing the structure and function of proteins. For example, non-polar amino acids tend to be hydrophobic and are found in the interior of proteins, while polar amino acids are often involved in forming hydrogen bonds and are located on the protein's surface. Acidic and basic side chains can form ionic bonds, impacting the protein’s structure and stability. Additionally, amino acids can exist in L- or D- configurations, but only L-amino acids are incorporated into proteins synthesized by ribosomes in eukaryotic cells.
All amino acids share a common structure comprising a central carbon atom (C) bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a distinctive side chain or R-group specific to each amino acid. This basic structure enables them to be the building blocks of proteins. The variability of the R-group determines the unique characteristics and functions of each amino acid. Despite their diversity, their common structure facilitates the formation of peptide bonds, essential for constructing protein molecules through the polymerization process, thus playing a vital role in biological processes and structures.
Global ilmenite production is estimated at approximately 11.1 million tons in 2020.
The main producing countries of ductile ilmenite are China, Australia, Canada, Mozambique, South Africa, and India. The annual output of these eight countries is 5.56 million tons, accounting for approximately 79.2% of the global total output.
Other countries (including Kenya, Senegal, Ukraine, Norway, Vietnam, the United States, Madagascar, Brazil, etc.) have an annual output of 1.46 million tons, accounting for approximately 20.8%.
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