Q
how are polymers produced from raw materials
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Polymers are produced from raw materials through a chemical process known as polymerization, where monomers (small, single molecules) link together to form long chains or networks. There are two primary types of polymerization: addition (chain-growth) polymerization and condensation (step-growth) polymerization. In addition polymerization, monomers add to each other without the loss of any molecule, suitable for creating polymers like polyethylene and polystyrene. On the other hand, condensation polymerization involves the removal of small molecules (such as water) when forming a bond between monomers, which is common in the production of polyesters and nylons. Catalysts or initiators often facilitate these reactions to control the molecular weight and structure of the polymer. The source of raw materials can be petroleum-based, natural gas, or renewable resources like cellulose, starch, and proteins, leading to a wide variety of polymers with diverse properties and applications.
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