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what is isoelectric ph of amino acids
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The amino acid represented by the single-letter code "R" is Arginine. Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid, meaning it is typically necessary for the body to obtain it from the diet under specific conditions, such as illness or stress. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and has various functions in the body, including wound healing, helping remove ammonia from the body, and supporting the immune and hormone systems. Arginine is also a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a significant compound for blood vessel dilation and thus has implications in cardiovascular health. Foods rich in arginine include meats, dairy products, nuts, and soy products, making it accessible through a varied diet. Given its importance in bodily functions and potential health benefits, arginine is a focus of both nutritional and medical research.
Yes, cellulose is made of D-glucose units. Specifically, cellulose is a polysaccharide, a large carbohydrate made of many D-glucose molecules linked together through β(1→4) glycosidic bonds. This linkage is different from the α(1→4) glycosidic bonds found in starch and glycogen, contributing to cellulose's unique properties such as high tensile strength and insolubility in water. Cellulose is a key structural component of plant cell walls, providing rigidity and resistance to help plants maintain their shape. The orientation and arrangement of glucose units in cellulose result in its ability to form strong fibers, which are essential for the textile and paper industries. Moreover, because of its biodegradability and renewable nature, cellulose has garnered interest for various applications including biofuel production and as a raw material for biodegradable plastics.
In the context of protein synthesis, it is generally true that amino acid sequences start with methionine in eukaryotes, because the AUG codon, which codes for methionine, is typically the 'start codon' in their mRNA. However, after a protein is synthesized, it often undergoes post-translational modifications, one common form being the removal of the initial methionine or its modification, depending on the specific requirements of the cell or the protein's final destination and function. Additionally, in prokaryotes, the amino acid formylmethionine (fMet) serves as the starter amino acid for protein synthesis, which is later removed or modified. Therefore, while methionine often marks the start of amino acid sequences due to its role in the initiation of protein synthesis, the mature proteins may not always have methionine at their N-terminal end.
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