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do you ink before watercolor
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Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that affects the shape and function of red blood cells, caused by a mutation in the HBB gene, which provides instructions for making hemoglobin. In individuals with sickle cell anemia, the mutation leads to an amino acid change in the beta-globin chain of hemoglobin, from glutamic acid to valine at the sixth position (Glu6Val). Normally, hemoglobin allows red blood cells to carry oxygen efficiently from the lungs to the rest of the body. However, the substitution of valine for glutamic acid causes the hemoglobin molecules to stick together when oxygen levels are low, forming rigid structures that deform red blood cells into a sickle shape. These misshaped cells can block blood flow and lead to painful crises, anemia, and other complications. Understanding this specific mutation and the resultant amino acid change is crucial for diagnosing, managing, and exploring potential treatments for sickle cell anemia.
Yes, historically, the Japanese practiced Ohaguro, a tradition of dyeing teeth black, primarily among married women, aristocrats, and some samurai families. This custom, which dates back to the Kofun period (250-538), was believed to enhance beauty, maintain oral health, and symbolize social or marital status. The dye, typically made from iron filings mixed with vinegar and other ingredients, created a black lacquer-like appearance which was thought to protect teeth from decay. However, the practice significantly declined with the Meiji Restoration in the late 19th century as Western influence increased, leading to a shift in aesthetic preferences and the adaptation of new cultural norms. Today, Ohaguro is mostly observed in traditional ceremonies or by Geisha and Maiko for special occasions.
A BB AA polymer refers to a type of copolymer synthesized from two different monomers, where "BB" and "AA" signify homodimers of each monomer, respectively. This is indicative of a step-growth polymerization process where two distinct monomers (A and B) react to form a polymer chain through a stepwise mechanism. Essentially, the AA monomer can react with another AA to form a dimer or with a BB to extend the polymer chain, and vice versa for BB monomers. This type of polymerization leads to the formation of alternating copolymers or block copolymers, depending on the specific reaction conditions and the reactivity of the monomers. These polymers have critical applications in materials science, including the creation of innovative plastics, elastomers, and fibers, offering a range of properties for different industrial uses. By adjusting the ratio of AA to BB, the molecular weight, and the polymerization conditions, scientists and engineers can tailor the physical properties of the resulting copolymer for specific applications.
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