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The Polydispersity Index (PDI) of polymers quantifies the distribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample. It is a crucial parameter in polymer science as it impacts the physical properties of the material, like strength, viscosity, and melting point. A PDI of 1 indicates all the molecules in the sample have the same molecular weight, signifying a monodisperse polymer. Values greater than 1 indicate a polydisperse sample, where the polymer chains vary in length. The PDI is calculated as the weight average molecular weight (Mw) divided by the number average molecular weight (Mn), where Mw accounts for the mass of all molecules and Mn represents the total number of molecules. Understanding the PDI is essential for applications requiring precise control over material properties, in fields ranging from plastics manufacturing to biotechnology.
Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) is a compound used in biochemistry for the cleavage of proteins, particularly to fragment amino acid chains. It specifically targets methionine residues by breaking the peptide bond on the carboxyl side of methionine. This specificity makes CNBr a useful reagent in protein sequencing and structure analysis, allowing researchers to isolate and identify protein fragments. However, it's important to handle CNBr with care due to its toxic and potentially explosive nature. In amino acid analysis, the precision provided by CNBr-assisted cleavage is invaluable for understanding protein composition and for identifying and mapping functional domains within proteins.
The primary raw material for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is ethylene, a hydrocarbon that is derived from the cracking of either naphtha, a product of petroleum, or ethane, found in natural gas. The ethylene is then combined with chlorine, which is obtained from industrial grade salt (sodium chloride) via electrolysis. This process produces ethylene dichloride (EDC), which is then further polymerized to form vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). Finally, VCM is polymerized under controlled conditions to produce PVC. This comprehensive method makes PVC a synthetic plastic polymer that is versatile and used in a wide range of applications from construction materials like pipes and window frames, to medical devices and clothing.
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