The diffusion coefficient of a polymer can be measured using several techniques, each depending on the polymer's nature and the diffusing molecule. One common method is Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), which tracks the concentration of a diffusing species over time. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is another sophisticated method that offers detailed insights into molecular mobility within the polymer matrix. Additionally, techniques like gravimetric analysis, where the weight change of a polymer due to absorption or desorption of a solvent is measured, can also provide diffusion coefficient values. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) can be employed for polymers in solution to measure the size of polymer molecules and their diffusion rates. The chosen method depends on the physical state of the polymer (solid, solution, etc.), the type of molecules diffusing (small molecules, gases), and the required sensitivity and accuracy. Careful sample preparation and experimental conditions are crucial to obtain reliable and reproducible results.

Burning benzoin resin without charcoal can be achieved through the use of a resin burner or an electric incense burner, specifically designed for heating resins without direct flame. These burners usually incorporate a metal or ceramic plate on which the resin is placed. The heat is adjustable, allowing the resin's aroma to be released gently without burning it. This method is advantageous as it avoids the smoke and fumes that burning charcoal produces, offering a cleaner, more health-friendly way to enjoy the aromatic benefits of benzoin resin. Always ensure adequate ventilation in the room to avoid any potential irritation from the aromatic fumes.

Determining the clamp tonnage your injection mold is using involves a few calculations. Primarily, it depends on the area of the part (or parts) being molded and the pressure required to inject the plastic material into the mold. As a general rule, you'll need between 2 to 8 tons of clamp force per square inch of projected area (the side of the part that is perpendicular to the clamping force). To calculate, measure the projected area of your part in square inches and multiply it by the estimated tons per square inch. For instance, if your part's projected area is 10 square inches and you're working with a material requiring 3 tons per square inch, your mold would use 30 tons of clamping force. However, this is a simplified calculation. Various factors such as material viscosity, mold design, and processing conditions can affect the required tonnage. It's advisable to consult with the material supplier or a molding expert for a precise calculation.