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who and when was titanium discovered
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Despite being natural. titanium dioxide TiO2 is a mineral with a white pigment. photocatalytic activity. and UV resistance. It is found in a variety of rocks and ores. with rutile and anatase being the two main forms. These minerals. however. are processed into titanium dioxide for commercial use. In addition to providing whiteness and opacity to paints. it is also used in food and cosmetics.
Polyethylene is not a PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances). While polyethylene is one of the most common types of plastic, used in products ranging from plastic bags to bottles, PFAS are a group of man-made chemicals that include PFOA, PFOS, GenX, and many other chemicals. PFAS are primarily used to make surfaces resist stains, grease, and water. Unlike polyethylene, which is a simple polymer made from ethylene monomers, PFAS contain fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain. This difference in chemical structure gives PFAS and polyethylene distinct properties and uses. PFAS are known for their persistence in the environment and in the human body, leading to concerns over potential health effects, while polyethylene is considered relatively inert and less hazardous in its solid form.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes polymers to break down through a process known as photodegradation. This occurs as UV light, specifically UV-B (280-315 nm) and UV-C (100-280 nm) wavelengths, is absorbed by the chemical bonds in the polymer chains, leading to the excitation of electrons. The excited electrons can cause the bonds to break, resulting in the formation of free radicals. These radicals can initiate further chain reactions, breaking the polymer down into smaller molecules or altering its physical and chemical properties. For instance, in plastics like polyethylene, this process can cause discoloration, loss of strength, and brittleness. Manufacturers often add UV stabilizers to polymers intended for outdoor use to slow down the process of photodegradation, enhancing the durability and lifespan of the product.
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