Titanium is a remarkable metal known for its strength, light weight, and corrosion resistance. It is as strong as steel but less dense, making it ideal for aerospace, military, and sporting goods applications. Discovered in 1791 by William Gregor, its extraction is costly because its most common ore, ilmenite, requires complex processing. Titanium's biocompatibility makes it perfect for medical implants such as hip replacements and dental implants. An interesting fact is that it forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air, shielding it from further corrosion. Additionally, titanium is not magnetic and has a high melting point (1668°C), which further broadens its use in fields where high temperatures are common, such as jet engines and spacecraft.

Various analytical techniques can be used to assess the quantity and quality of titanium dioxide. such as X-ray fluorescence XRF. inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ICP-AES. scanning electron microscopy SEM. X-ray diffraction XRD. UV-Vis spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR. BET surface area analysis. and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP-MS. These methods offer non-destructive means to determine the composition and properties of materials. whether through identifying spectral lines emitted from a sample or analyzing particle shape and structure. Depending on the type and state of the sample. as well as the desired information. techniques may include acid digestion. grinding. and sieving for optimal results.

PVC stands for Polyvinyl Chloride, a synthetic plastic polymer widely used in construction due to its durability, affordability, and ease of use. It is available in rigid (uPVC) and flexible forms, making it versatile for applications like pipes, windows, cable insulation, and medical devices. Its chlorine content gives it excellent fire resistance, but its production and disposal pose environmental concerns due to the release of toxic chemicals. Despite this, PVC's benefits have made it a popular choice in various industries, leading to ongoing research for more sustainable alternatives.