Capsules are often coated with a plastic-like polymer to enhance their stability, mask unpleasant tastes or odors, and protect sensitive ingredients from gastric acid, thus ensuring the drug is released at the right place within the digestive system. This coating can also help in controlled-release formulations, allowing the medication to be absorbed gradually over time. Additionally, it can make capsules easier to swallow and improve their shelf life by protecting against humidity and other environmental factors. The choice of coating material, thickness, and type is carefully designed based on the capsule’s contents and the intended release mechanism.

The term "human polymer" is not a term commonly used in scientific or medical communities in the conventional sense. In biology, polymers refer to large molecules composed of many repeating subunits, known as monomers. In humans, important biological polymers include DNA, RNA (nucleic acids), and proteins. DNA and RNA, for instance, are polymers of nucleotides, which carry genetic information essential for cellular function and heredity. Proteins are polymers of amino acids, playing crucial roles in virtually all biological processes, including enzyme catalysis, structural functions, and signaling. Human polymers, in a broad sense, would thus refer to these vital macromolecules within the human body, integral to its structure, function, and the intricate processes of life itself.

Yes, there are osmotic laxatives that do not contain polyethylene glycol (PEG). Lactulose, a synthetic sugar solution, works by drawing water into the bowel to stimulate bowel movements. Similarly, magnesium hydroxide, often known as milk of magnesia, and magnesium citrate are alternatives that function by osmotically retaining water in the intestines, thereby facilitating bowel movements. These options can be especially helpful for individuals who may have sensitivities or contraindications to PEG. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider to choose the most appropriate laxative based on individual health needs and to ensure its use is safe and effective.