Human health is not endangered by wearing jewelry made from zirconium a popular diamond substitute. However. if we are referring to zirconium the metal extracted from zirconia. it can be harmful if we inhale it. ingest it in dust. or come in contact with our skin. Some industries use it. such as nuclear power. and it has the potential to be radioactive. Handling it requires industry professionals to be careful.

PVC pipes are produced through a process called extrusion, which begins with the preparation of raw PVC material - a white powder compounded with additives to enhance its properties like flexibility, resistance to UV light, or color. The material is fed into an extruder, where it's heated and melted. As it becomes a viscous liquid, it's forced through a circular die to shape it into a pipe. The pipe then goes through a cooling process, typically in a water bath, solidifying its structure. After cooling, the pipes are cut to desired lengths and inspected for quality control, ensuring they meet the necessary standards for pressure, density, and dimensions. This efficient process allows for the large-scale production of PVC pipes, which are widely used in construction and plumbing for their durability, cost-effectiveness, and resistance to corrosion.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a widely used plastic for products like pipes, containers, and toys. While PVC itself is not highly toxic, the chemicals added for flexibility, such as phthalates, can pose health risks, including hormonal disruptions and potential carcinogenic effects. During production and disposal, dioxins, highly toxic compounds, can be released, posing serious environmental hazards and human health risks through air, water, and soil contamination. Proper handling, use of alternatives, and recycling efforts can mitigate some of these risks. However, the debate on PVC toxicity emphasizes the need for further research and stricter regulations to ensure public and environmental health is not compromised.