There are various methods to measure the strength of a material. such as tensile strength. yield strength and hardness. For instance. titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V can reach 1.200 MPa in tensile strength. while advanced structural steels usually reach around 10 million MPa. When considering tensile strength. it is important to factor in weight differences. Although titanium is 60% denser than aluminum. it is twice as strong. making it more powerful per unit weight compared to most steels. This makes titanium a favored choice in aerospace applications due to its ability to maintain high levels of strength while being relatively lightweight. Another advantage of titanium is its superior corrosion resistance compared to steel. However. this comes with a higher cost and steel remains the more commonly used material in construction and many other industries.

Polypropylene is considered one of the safer plastics, widely used in food storage containers and packaging. It is resistant to heat and most chemicals, which minimizes the leaching risk. However, like all plastics, under certain conditions such as high heat, it may release chemicals into food or drinks. Studies indicate that polypropylene leaches at a much lower rate compared to other plastics, making it a preferred option for food contact and medical applications. It's always advisable to follow manufacturer guidelines, like avoiding microwaving in plastic containers, to further reduce any potential risks.

Copper pipes tend to freeze faster than PVC pipes. This is primarily due to copper's excellent thermal conductivity, which allows it to rapidly change temperature. Copper can quickly transmit the cold from the environment to the water inside, leading to a faster freeze. PVC, on the other hand, is a type of plastic with poor thermal conductivity, meaning it does not transfer temperature as efficiently as copper. This characteristic helps PVC pipes to resist freezing longer than their copper counterparts. However, both types of pipes can eventually freeze in sufficiently cold conditions. To prevent freezing, proper insulation is recommended for pipes in areas exposed to cold temperatures, regardless of the material.