PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) pipes have a considerable lifespan when installed underground, generally lasting between 50-100 years. Their durability is attributed to their resistance to corrosion, chemicals, and environmental stress. Unlike metal piping systems that can corrode or deteriorate quickly under certain soil conditions, PVC is largely inert and unaffected by the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. Moreover, it is immune to bacterial contamination, contributing to its longevity. However, the exact lifespan of underground PVC pipes can vary depending on factors such as the quality of installation, soil characteristics, and external pressures. Proper installation to avoid excessive bending or pressure and ensuring that the piping is not exposed to sharp objects or extreme temperatures can help maximize its lifespan.

Titanium dioxide is primarily sourced from three ores: ilmenite. rutile. and anatase. These raw materials undergo multiple extraction processes. The initial step involves ore processing. which boosts the concentration of titanium dioxide in the ore by approximately 90%. The concentrated ore is then subjected to chlorination. Through a thermal fluidized bed method. the chlorine reacts with the ore. resulting in the formation of titanium tetrachloride. This compound goes through a purification stage and is subsequently converted into titanium dioxide using either chlorination or sulfuric acid. The resulting titanium dioxide is now ready for utilization.

Maleated polypropylene is a chemically modified form of polypropylene, where maleic anhydride is grafted onto the polypropylene chain. This modification introduces carboxylic acid groups to the polymer, enhancing its compatibility with polar materials, fillers, and reinforcements. The process aims to improve the interfacial adhesion between polypropylene, which is inherently hydrophobic, and other materials, thus broadening its application potential. This makes maleated polypropylene particularly valuable in composite materials, where it acts as a coupling agent to improve the mechanical properties and durability of the composite. Its applications span automotive components, construction materials, and packaging, where improved material performance is sought.