One method for producing titanium dioxide nanotubes is through electrochemical anodization. By applying high voltage to a titanium sheet in an electrolyte solution. these nanotubes can be formed. Typically. fluoride ions are present in the electrolyte solution. To control the size of the nanotubes. adjustments can be made to factors such as voltage. anodizing time. electrolyte composition. and temperature. To enhance crystallinity. the nanotubes are often annealed after anodization. Due to its high surface area and biocompatibility. this material shows promise in applications like solar cells. sensors. and biomedical devices.

Polypropylene, a common plastic used in food packaging, textiles, and various household items, is generally considered safe under normal usage conditions. However, its production and disposal pose environmental health risks. During manufacturing, harmful gases like propylene can be emitted, contributing to air pollution and posing risks to workers' health. Over time, when exposed to sunlight and heat, polypropylene can degrade, releasing microplastics into the environment, which have been found in marine life and could enter the human food chain, posing unknown health risks. Additionally, recycling polypropylene can be challenging due to its variety in applications and additives, leading to accumulation in landfills and potential leaching of chemicals into the soil and waterways. To mitigate these risks, efforts towards reducing use, improving recycling technologies, and developing biodegradable alternatives are essential.

The molecular weight is 79.866 grams