Titanium dioxide TiO2 has three known crystalline phases: rutile. anatase and plagioclase. The rutile phase is the most stable with a high refractive index and density. It is often used in pigments due to its white color and tetragonal crystal structure. This phase also has a higher band gap compared to anatase. Rutile is known for its superior photocatalytic properties and is often preferred in applications such as solar cells. As for the less stable anatase phase. it has a lower density but still possesses a tetragonal crystal structure. The rarest form of TiO2 is the platelet titanite phase. which has a rhombohedral structure and is not commonly used in commercial applications due to its low stability and difficult synthesis process. The transformation from anatase or platinoid to rutile depends on several factors including temperature. particle size. and pressure conditions.

To create titanium dioxide TiO2 solutions. titanium dioxide powder can be dissolved in a solvent. However. due to its low solubility in water. the use of strong inorganic acids like hydrochloric or sulfuric acid is typically necessary. Caution should be exercised when carrying out this process. and all safety procedures should be followed. Additionally. it may be advisable to incorporate sonication or continuous stirring for efficient dispersion of the TiO2 particles. The exact procedure may vary depending on the intended use. so conducting a thorough literature search for appropriate chemicals and techniques is strongly recommended.

Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) are both widely used thermoplastic polymers, each with distinct properties tailored to various applications. When comparing strength, polypropylene generally holds an edge over polyethylene. This is attributable to PP's higher tensile strength, which means it can withstand greater forces without deforming or breaking. This property makes PP particularly suitable for applications requiring durability and resistance to flexing, such as in automotive parts, industrial fibers, and reusable containers. However, the choice between PP and PE will ultimately depend on the specific requirements of the application, considering factors like chemical resistance, flexibility, and impact resistance where PE could be preferred.