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how to weave a potholder loom with yarn
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a versatile plastic material widely used in construction, clothing, and other industries. Its production involves a straightforward chemical process. PVC starts as polyethylene, derived from petroleum or natural gas. The manufacturing begins by creating ethylene through a refining process. Ethylene then reacts with chlorine, sourced from saltwater, to form ethylene dichloride (EDC). Next, EDC is transformed into vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) via a distillation process. VCM is polymerized under heat and pressure, forming long chains of molecules that constitute PVC. These chains are then cooled, washed, and dried to produce a fine white powder called resin. Resin can be mixed with stabilizers, plasticizers, and pigments to create different forms of PVC, tailored for specific applications. This simplicity and versatility make PVC a popular choice for various uses.
The question of how many polymers have evolved naturally is complex due to the vast diversity of biological systems and the ongoing evolution of new materials. Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits, and they play critical roles in all forms of life. Naturally occurring polymers include proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), polysaccharides, and polyesters. Proteins alone represent an enormous variety due to their diverse amino acid sequences and structures. While it's challenging to quantify the exact number of distinct polymers that have evolved, estimates suggest thousands to millions of unique types, considering variations within categories like proteins. For instance, there are over 200 different types of glycans (a type of polysaccharide) in humans. Considering the complexity and diversity of life on Earth, the number of evolved polymers is vast and continues to expand through evolutionary processes.
Laser copiers and inkjet printers serve different needs but regarding ink use, laser copiers are generally more ink-efficient. Inkjets use liquid ink, applying it directly onto the paper through nozzles, which can lead to more ink consumption especially with high-resolution prints. Laser copiers, on the other hand, use toner, a powdered ink. They work by bonding this toner powder to the paper using heat, which tends to be more sparing with the amount of ink used per page. Furthermore, toner does not dry out or evaporate like liquid ink from inkjet cartridges, leading to less waste over time. For users with high-volume printing needs, a laser copier will typically offer a lower per-page cost due to this efficiency in ink use. However, initial costs for laser copiers are higher, though the investment might balance out with reduced ink consumption over time for heavy users.
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