Measuring PVC, or Polyvinyl Chloride, involves several methods, depending on whether one is assessing its physical dimensions or its chemical properties. For physical measurement, a vernier caliper or a tape measure can be used. It's essential to measure the outer diameter for pipes, typically in inches or millimeters, and the thickness of the pipe wall to determine the schedule (which denotes the strength and thickness of the PVC). To measure the length, a simple tape measure along the pipe's length suffices. For chemical composition, spectrometry or other chemical analysis methods are required to identify the exact composition or the presence of additives in the PVC. For household or DIY projects, focusing on the physical dimensions (diameter, thickness, and length) using appropriate measuring tools is usually sufficient. Always ensure the measurements are taken accurately to avoid any discrepancies in fitting or function.

Flipping an emulsion refers to the process of inverting the phases of an emulsion, changing it from an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion to a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, or vice versa. In an O/W emulsion, tiny oil droplets are dispersed in water, whereas, in a W/O emulsion, water droplets are dispersed in oil. The flip can be induced by altering factors such as the surfactant concentration, the phase volume ratio, or the ionic strength of the system. This process is critical in various industries, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, for altering the properties of products to meet specific requirements, such as improving texture, stability, or absorption. Achieving the desired emulsion type is essential for the effectiveness and consumer acceptance of many products.

Sam's Pigments, known for their high-quality and vibrant colors, can be purchased from various sources both online and in physical stores. If you prefer shopping online, the official Sam's Pigments website is an excellent starting point. Here, you can find the full range of products, including special deals and new releases. Another popular online platform is Amazon, which often has competitive pricing and customer reviews that can help guide your purchase. For those who enjoy supporting independent retailers, Etsy offers a marketplace where smaller sellers can offer unique Sam's Pigment products. If you're looking for a more hands-on shopping experience, art supply stores like Blick and Jerry’s Artarama might carry Sam's Pigments. These stores often have knowledgeable staff who can assist with choosing the right colors and mediums for your projects. Lastly, keep an eye out for local art fairs and exhibitions, as these events sometimes feature Sam's Pigments representatives or meized dealers selling directly to customers.