Nanoparticles. specifically titanium dioxide TiO2. have recently been recognized as a potential threat to organisms such as bivalves. These species have been chosen for scientific studies due to their crucial role in ecosystems and as indicators of aquatic health. With the growing use and release of TiO2 nanoparticles into the environment. concerns over their possible impacts and toxicity have arisen. Such particles have been found to cause changes in bivalve shell strength. feeding mechanisms. oxidative stress. and metabolism. which can significantly affect the entire ecosystem. Therefore. extensive research is being conducted on the stability and dispersion of these nanoparticles in order to minimize potential environmental risks. One approach being explored is the use of different surface coatings. including silicon. aluminum. and chitosan substrates. Chitosan has shown promising results in stabilizing and dispersing TiO2 nanoparticles without greatly impacting bivalve physiology. Additionally. the effects of temperature and pH levels on nanoparticle stability and dispersibility are being investigated. Higher temperatures may lead to increased toxicity to bivalves while varying pH levels can significantly impact the stability of nanoparticles. However. further research is necessary to fully understand these factors and how they may change over time. This knowledge is crucial for developing safer

Polypropylene is a type of plastic commonly used in textiles and fabrics. Although not breathable in the same way as natural fibers like cotton, due to its hydrophobic nature, it allows moisture to pass through without absorbing it. This makes polypropylene fabrics feel dry, as they effectively wick perspiration away from the skin. However, because it doesn't absorb moisture, it can feel less comfortable in hot environments compared to breathable natural fibers. Polypropylene is often used in active wear and medical non-woven fabrics because of its ability to keep the wearer dry and for its resistance to bacteria and odors.

Yarning under in amigurumi, as opposed to the standard yarning over, involves hooking the yarn from the front towards you instead of over the hook. This technique offers tighter stitches and a smoother appearance, making it ideal for amigurumi projects where details and shape stability matter. To yarn under, insert your hook into the stitch, hook the yarn from underneath and pull it through the stitch. Then, complete the stitch as usual. This method might feel awkward at first, but with practice, it becomes a valuable tool for creating more defined and durable crochet toys.