Terephthalic acid, also known as 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, is a significant aromatic dicarboxylic acid used primarily in the production of polyesters and other polymers. Its molecular formula is C8H6O4. Terephthalic acid consists of a benzene ring with carboxyl groups attached at the para positions (1 and 4). This structure contributes to its unique properties and applications. It is a white solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Due to its high melting point and stability, terephthalic acid is widely used in the manufacturing of synthetic fibers, films, resins, and various other materials.

Dying fabric with flowers involves transferring their natural pigments to textiles—a rewarding, eco-friendly craft. Begin by selecting light-colored, natural fabrics for best results, such as cotton or silk. Choose fresh flowers or petals known for their dye properties—roses, dandelions, and marigolds are excellent options. Prepare the fabric by washing and soaking in a mordant solution, like alum, which helps fix the dye. Lay the fabric flat and arrange flowers or petals on one half. Fold the other half over or roll it for more intricate patterns. Secure with string or rubber bands. Next, steam or simmer in a pot for one to two hours to transfer the colors. Allow the fabric to cool, then rinse in cold water until the water runs clear. Hang to dry away from direct sunlight to preserve the delicate hues. Experiment with different flowers and mordants for a variety of shades.

Polypropylene, a popular plastic used for a wide range of applications, is not found naturally in petroleum. However, it is directly derived from a processing of petroleum. Petroleum, when refined, generates various types of hydrocarbons, including propylene. Polypropylene is then manufactured through the polymerization of propylene, a gas phase component extracted during the refining process of petroleum. This process is crucial for producing polypropylene's durable, resistant, and versatile structure, making it essential in packaging, automotive components, textiles, and numerous other products. The relationship between polypropylene and petroleum highlights the broader dependency on fossil fuels for synthetic materials, underscoring discussions around sustainability and alternatives.