Depending on the size of the project. the quality of the materials. and the method of application. titanium dioxide coatings can cost a lot. For a 20-foot project. the cost can be between $USD and $USD 100. For large projects or industrial applications. the cost can be much higher. It's best to consult a professional contractor to get the most accurate quote.

The pH of a solution plays a crucial role in dye binding to substrates due to its influence on the ionization state of both the dye molecules and the substrate. In essence, dyes often contain ionizable groups that can accept or donate protons depending on the pH, altering their charge. Substrates, like fabrics or biological tissues, also have ionizable groups, meaning their surface charge can vary with pH. For effective dye binding, there must be an electrostatic attraction between the dye and the substrate, which is highly pH-dependent. For instance, a basic dye will bind more efficiently to a substrate with a positive surface charge, typically found in acidic conditions, while acid dyes preferentially bind to negatively charged surfaces, common in basic conditions. Moreover, the solubility of the dye can be affected by pH, which in turn influences dye uptake. Adjusting the pH of the dye solution is thus a critical step in optimizing the dyeing process, ensuring maximum binding efficiency and color strength.

Cellulose and chitin are both complex polysaccharides composed of glucose units. These structures form strong, fibrous materials that serve as structural components in plants (cellulose) and fungi/arthropods (chitin). The human digestive system primarily relies on enzymes that can break down simpler carbohydrates like starches and sugars but struggles with the tightly packed beta-glycosidic bonds found in cellulose and chitin. Our bodies lack the specific enzymes (like endo-1,4-beta-glucanase and chitinase) required to efficiently degrade these polymers. While some microorganisms in our gut can partially break down these compounds, their indigestibility largely stems from the physical structure of these polymers and the enzymatic limitations of humans. Consuming foods rich in cellulose and chitin can still benefit health by providing dietary fiber, which aids in digestion and supports gut microbiota.