Ilmenite, primarily found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and concentrated in placer deposits through weathering and erosion, is a titanate mineral with the chemical formula FeTiO₃. It consists of iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), and oxygen (O), making titanium the most significant byproduct of ilmenite processing. The mineral's importance lies in its role as the main source of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), used in paint, sunscreen, and plastics. Ilmenite may undergo various beneficiation processes, including smelting and leaching, to produce synthetic rutile or titanium slag, both rich in titanium dioxide, further highlighting its economic value in producing materials with high strength-to-weight ratios and corrosion resistance.

The chemical composition of ilmenite is Fetio3. This means it is made up of iron Fe. titanium Ti and oxygen O. This mineral belongs to the trigonal crystal system and is the main mineral raw material for extracting titanium and titanium dioxide. Among them, the valence of iron and titanium elements is +3.

Polycarbonate (PC) and Polypropylene (PP) are both versatile types of plastic, each with distinct properties. PC is known for its exceptional strength, impact resistance, and transparency, making it ideal for items like bulletproof glass, eyewear lenses, and electronic components. Its high heat resistance allows it to be used in applications where lower temperatures would cause other plastics to deform. On the other hand, PP is known for its excellent chemical resistance, elasticity, and fatigue resistance. It is lighter than PC and often used in automotive parts, living hinges, containers, and medical equipment due to its durability and resistance to many chemical solvents, bases, and acids. PP is also more cost-effective for many applications but lacks the optical clarity and thermal resistance of PC. Choosing between them depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as the need for transparency, resistance to heat, or chemical exposure.

Wetting agents in potting soil are crucial for improving water absorption and retention, especially in soils that resist initial wetting due to peat or other hydrophobic components. These substances effectively decrease the surface tension of water, allowing it to spread and penetrate the soil more uniformly. This ensures that plants receive adequate moisture throughout the potting medium, which is vital for their growth and health. Over time, the effectiveness of wetting agents can diminish, making it important to occasionally rehydrate potting mixes or add new wetting agents. Sustainable options include natural, biodegradable surfactants that minimize environmental impact while enhancing soil moisture management. Incorporating these agents supports healthy plant development by ensuring consistent water availability, especially in container gardening where soil moisture can be more challenging to manage.