Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plumbing began gaining prominence in the mid-20th century, with widespread adoption occurring in the 1960s. Its development was driven by the material's low cost, ease of installation, and chemical resistance, making it a favorable alternative to more traditional materials like copper and iron for plumbing systems. Initially used for drainage and irrigation solutions, PVC's applications expanded over time to include potable water and sewer systems as its safety and durability were proven. Despite its advantages, PVC has faced criticism for environmental and health concerns relating to its production and disposal. Nonetheless, its use in plumbing has become a standard globally, continually evolving with improvements in formulation to meet stricter environmental and health standards.

Titanium dioxide is a commonly utilized coloring agent in various products; however. it has been found to potentially cause health complications. This is due to its ability to produce free radicals that can severely harm cell structures. Prolonged exposure may result in serious conditions like pneumonia and cancer. Furthermore. the use of sunscreens containing this compound has raised concerns about potential effects on the skin. Despite these concerns. further research is necessary to fully comprehend the extent and circumstances of any harmful effects. As a safety measure. it is advisable to limit exposure to products that are either inhaled or applied directly onto the skin.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles possess unique properties that make them a popular choice in various industries. In the world of cosmetics. specifically in sunscreens. they serve as effective barriers against UV rays by deflecting and absorbing them. These nanoparticles also exhibit photocatalytic abilities under exposure to UV light. making them valuable in air and water purification. anti-fog coatings. and self-cleaning windows. Furthermore. the automotive and aerospace fields benefit from their use in producing strong yet lightweight materials. Emerging advancements involve utilizing these particles in energy storage. photovoltaics. and medicine. It is important to acknowledge that ongoing discussions about the safety of their use call for further research.