Titanium dioxide nanoparticles TiO2 NPs have gained widespread attention for their versatility in various fields. including coatings. sunscreens. photocatalysis and even medicine. However. ensuring stability is crucial for optimal performance and safety. The stability of TiO2 nanoparticles can be influenced by factors such as size. shape. crystal structure. surface chemistry and environmental conditions. Agglomeration and precipitation are common concerns affecting the stability of nanoparticles. To address these issues. modifications such as adjusting size and surface coatings can enhance stability and reduce aggregation rates. For example. incorporating polymer or surfactant coatings can provide spatial or electrostatic stability to prevent agglomeration. In addition to these factors. the crystal structure of TiO2 also plays a significant role in its stability. Generally. TiO2 NPs show greater stability in the rutile phase due to its lower surface capacity compared to anatase and plagioclase. Furthermore. external elements like pH level. temperature. ionic strength and natural organic matter can impact the stability of TiO2 nanoparticles. Previous studies have shown that neutral pH levels exhibit excellent stability for these particles; however. acidic or alkaline environments can decrease stability due to changes in surface charge. In biomedical

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Nonlinear optics. a field that explores the interaction between light and matter. deals with material systems that exhibit nonlinearity depending on incident light intensity. These interactions can give rise to new light frequencies. modify polarization. and manipulate space and time. Titanium dioxide TiO2 is a common material used in this field. known for its wide bandgap semiconductor properties that result in strong nonlinear optical effects suitable for various photonics applications. Its high bandgap contributes to large third-order optical nonlinearities. leading to effects like third-harmonic generation and multiphoton absorption. The fabrication process plays a role in the variability of TiO2's optical properties while patterns on the film can enhance them. In addition to these properties. TiO2 also possesses qualities such as a high refractive index. chemical stability. biocompatibility. and non-toxicity which make it suitable for other uses such as photovoltaics. photocatalysis. sensors. and optical waveguides. One significant application of TiO2's nonlinear optical properties is in the fabrication of photonic devices like optical switches and wavelength converters utilizing phenomena such as three-photon absorption and the Kerr effect.