Wetting agents, also known as surfactants, play a crucial role in pharmacy for improving the processing and performance of various pharmaceutical formulations. They reduce the surface tension between liquids and solids, aiding in the dispersion of powders in liquids, enhancing the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs, and improving the bioavailability of medications. Common wetting agents include polysorbates, sodium lauryl sulfate, and sorbitan esters. Their use is meticulously calculated in drug formulation to ensure they achieve the desired outcome without adversely affecting the stability or efficacy of the drug product. In addition to formulation enhancement, wetting agents are also instrumental in topical drug applications, facilitating better contact and absorption through biological membranes.

Preparing cod liver oil emulsion at home requires careful handling to maintain its nutritional benefits while ensuring palatability. Cod liver oil is rich in vitamins A and D and omega-3 fatty acids, making it beneficial for health. To create an emulsion, you'll need cod liver oil, a mild-flavored liquid like water or fruit juice, and possibly an emulsifier such as lecithin or a natural gum. Start by mixing the emulsifier with the liquid, then slowly incorporate the cod liver oil while blending vigorously. This process helps disperse the oil into tiny droplets, creating a smooth mixture that's easier to consume. Store the emulsion in a cool, dark place or refrigerate it to extend its shelf life. For those sensitive to the taste, consider adding natural flavorings like vanilla extract or a touch of honey. However, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you have existing medical conditions or take medications.

The notation "E123" in the context of amino acid substitution refers to a specific position in a protein or enzyme sequence, namely the 123rd position, where the original amino acid is glutamic acid (E). This notation by itself doesn't specify what the substitution is; it only tells you the location and the original amino acid. In such notations, the complete amino acid change is usually given as, for example, "E123K," which would mean that the glutamic acid (E) at position 123 has been substituted with lysine (K). This kind of information is crucial for understanding changes in protein function or stability due to mutations, which can be relevant in contexts ranging from evolutionary biology to medical genetics. The effects of such a substitution depend on the specific protein and the roles of the amino acids involved, potentially altering the protein's structure, dynamics, function, or interaction with other molecules.