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Nano titanium dioxide can be prepared via several different methods. The following includes two of these methods: the sol-gel preparation method and the hydrothermal method.
1. Sol-Gel Method:
- Initial solution preparation: Solutions of titanium isopropoxide and ethanol are prepared first. The titanium isopropoxide solution functions as the precursor.
- Gelation process: The previously prepared solution is allowed to hydrolyze and condense at room temperature in a controlled humidity environment. This stage forms a wet, gel-like substance.
- Aging process: The wet gel is sealed and stored at a constant temperature, during which time the gel shrinks due to the self-evaporation of the solvent and the pores of the gel begin to form.
- Drying: The shrunken gel is then dried either in the open air or under supercritical conditions to form a dry gel.
- Calcination: The dry gel is heat treated, or calcined, at high temperatures, a process that results in a regulatory rearrangement of the porous el network into nano titanium dioxide.
2. Hydrothermal Synthesis Method:
- Titanium swelling agent preparation: Titanium swelling agents are prepared by dissolving a titanium source (like titanium trichloride or titanium tetrachloride) in water to produce a titanium-rich solution.
- Hydrated metallurgical process: The swelling agent is then reacted with a strong alkali (like NaOH or NH3·H2O) in an excess of water at high temperatures and pressures. A white precipitate of titanium hydrate forms.
- Acid washing: The resulting white precipitate is filtered, washed with an acid solution, and re-filtered.
- Oven drying: The remaining precipitate is dried in an oven at a moderate temperature (around 80°C).
- Calcination: Finally, the dried precipitate is calcined at a high temperature to obtain nano titanium dioxide.
All procedures need to follow safety protocols and be carried out in a lab setting by trained professionals due to the use of harmful chemicals and high temperatures.
Starch is a vital carbohydrate serving as an essential energy reserve in plants. It is composed of two types of molecules: amylose and amylopectin, both of which are polymers of glucose. Amylose is a linear polymer consisting of α-D-glucose units linked by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds, forming a helical structure. On the other hand, amylopectin is a branched polymer with the same type of linkages but also includes α(1→6) glycosidic bonds at branch points, creating a more complex, tree-like structure. These structural differences contribute to the unique properties and functions of starch in both plant biology and human nutrition. For instance, the branched structure of amylopectin allows for quicker and easier enzymatic breakdown, facilitating faster energy release compared to the linear amylose.
Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeated subunits called monomers. They form through polymerization, a process where monomer molecules join together, often forming chains. Natural polymers, such as proteins and cellulose, have existed since life began, while synthetic polymers, like plastics, have revolutionized modern life. Polymers work by leveraging the unique properties that emerge from their structure. For instance, the strength and flexibility of a polymer depend on the type of monomers and how they are linked. Cross-linking, where chains are interconnected, can increase strength but decrease flexibility. Understanding these relationships allows scientists to tailor polymers for specific applications, from durable construction materials to flexible electronic components.
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