To repair a broken PVC irrigation pipe, begin by shutting off the water supply to prevent further leakage. Next, use a hacksaw to cleanly cut out the damaged section of the pipe, ensuring the cuts are straight to facilitate a smooth repair process. Obtain a PVC slip coupling, which doesn't require you to flex the pipe to install it; this makes the repair easier, especially in tight spaces. Clean the pipe ends and the inside of the coupling with PVC primer to prepare the surfaces for bonding. Apply PVC cement to the inside of the coupling and the outside of the pipe ends, then quickly join them together, pushing the coupling evenly onto both ends of the pipe. Hold in place for a few seconds to ensure a strong bond. Allow the cement to cure for the time recommended by the manufacturer before turning the water back on. This method offers a strong, permanent repair for damaged PVC irrigation pipes without the need for extensive plumbing skills.

The choice between marine epoxy and plumber's epoxy really depends on the application. Marine epoxy is designed for high resistance to water and harsh marine environments, making it ideal for boats and outdoor applications. It often has a stronger bond and can resist saltwater, chemicals, and UV exposure better than many other types of epoxy. On the other hand, plumber's epoxy is specifically formulated for sealing and repairing pipes and plumbing fixtures. It is designed to adhere well to metals and withstand high pressure and temperatures typical in plumbing applications. If your project involves water exposure but not under high pressure, marine epoxy is likely the better choice for its durability and resistance to environmental factors. For plumbing repairs and applications that involve pressurized water systems, plumber's epoxy is more suitable due to its specialized formulation.

The cost of titanium metal is influenced by various factors, including purity, form (such as bar, sheet, or wire), and market demand. Generally, as of my last update in 2023, the price of titanium ranges from $6 to $20 per pound for commercial grade. However, for more specialized applications, such as aerospace-grade titanium, prices can be significantly higher due to the stringent requirements for material quality and processing. The expense arises from the difficulty in extracting titanium from its ores and the complex processing it requires to achieve the desired properties. Despite its cost, titanium's high strength-to-weight ratio, exceptional corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility make it a valuable material for aerospace, medical implants, and high-performance automotive applications. Manufacturers and buyers often weigh its cost against these benefits when considering titanium for their projects.