An emulsion in science refers to a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable). Emulsions are stabilized by substances known as emulsifiers or surfactants, which help to keep the liquid droplets dispersed throughout the other liquid. Common examples include mayonnaise and vinaigrettes, where oil droplets are suspended in water or vinegar, with lecithin from egg yolks acting as an emulsifier in mayonnaise. Emulsions are crucial in many industries, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, where they aid in the formulation of a variety of products from creams to sauces.

Reading the gauge on yarn labels is crucial for ensuring your knitting or crochet project turns out with the intended size and texture. The gauge information typically includes a recommended needle or hook size and the expected number of stitches and rows over a 4-inch square (10 cm square). To use this information, first, find the section on the label denoting gauge – it's usually near the recommended needle/hook size. It might say something like "22 sts x 30 rows = 4" x 4" (10cm x 10cm) on US 6 (4mm) needles." This means if you use the suggested needle size and knit 22 stitches across and 30 rows up, your knitted piece should measure 4 inches by 4 inches. Test this by creating a small swatch before starting your project; if your swatch is too small, try larger needles, and if it's too big, use smaller ones. Adjusting your needle or hook size helps achieve the correct gauge, ensuring your final product is the expected size and drapes as intended.

To connect PEX pipe to PVC, you'll need a transition fitting, either a PEX to PVC adapter or a push-fit fitting compatible with both types of pipe. Start by cutting the pipes to the needed length, ensuring clean, straight cuts. If using a PEX to PVC threaded adapter, wrap the PVC threads with Teflon tape to ensure a watertight seal, then screw the adapter into the PVC pipe hand-tight before using a wrench to finish tightening. For the PEX connection, slide a copper crimp ring onto the PEX pipe, insert the barbed end of the adapter into the PEX pipe, then use a PEX crimp tool to secure the crimp ring around the pipe and fitting. If opting for a push-fit fitting, simply insert the appropriately cut ends of PEX and PVC pipe into the fitting until they're fully seated. It's crucial to check for leaks and follow any specific instructions provided by the fitting manufacturer. Adapting PEX to PVC requires attention to detail to ensure a reliable, leak-free connection.