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From the point of view of scientific exploration and development, modern industry needs structural materials with high strength, fracture toughness and stiffness, while reducing weight as much as possible. Therefore, lightweight high-strength alloys such as titanium and aluminum and load-bearing heat-resistant alloys such as Ni-based superalloys have become the focus of new materials research and development programs in various countries. In addition, these materials are also important application materials in laser reinforcement manufacturing.
Titanium alloy and aluminum alloy are widely used in aerospace, automobile, mechanical manufacturing and other fields because of their excellent low density and structural strength. Especially in the aviation industry, they play a very important role and are the main structural materials in the aviation industry. Although titanium alloy is about 2/3 heavier than aluminum alloy, its inherent strength means that less amount can be used to achieve the required strength. Titanium alloy has become an important material to reduce fuel cost because of its strength and low density, and it is widely used in aircraft jet engines and all kinds of spacecraft. Aluminum alloy is the most widely used and most common lightweight material for automobile at present, and its density is only 1/3 of that of steel. Some studies have shown that aluminum alloy can use 540kg at most in the whole vehicle, in which case the car will lose 40% of its weight. Audi, Toyota and other brands of vehicles with all-aluminum body is a good example.
Because both materials have high strength and low density, other factors must be taken into account when selecting alloys.
In critical cases where high strength and low weight are required, each gram is important, but if higher strength components are needed, titanium is the best choice. Therefore, titanium alloys are used in the manufacture of medical devices / implants, complex satellite components, fixtures and stents.
In terms of cost, aluminum is the most cost-effective metal for machining or 3D printing, while the cost of titanium is higher, but the fuel saved by lightweight parts for aircraft or spacecraft will bring huge benefits, and titanium alloy parts will have a longer service life.
In terms of thermal properties, aluminum alloy has high thermal conductivity and is often used to make radiators; for high temperature applications, the high melting point of titanium makes it more suitable, aero-engines contain a large number of titanium alloy parts.
Titanium has the highest biocompatibility because of its corrosion resistance and low reaction activity, which is widely used in the field of medical treatment (such as surgical instruments). Ti64 is also well resistant to salt environments and is often used in marine applications.
Aluminum alloy and titanium alloy are widely used in the field of aerospace. Titanium alloy has the advantages of high strength and low density (only about 57% of steel). Its specific strength (strength / density) is much higher than that of other metal structural materials, and parts with high unit strength, good rigidity and light weight can be produced. Titanium alloy is used in the engine components, skeleton, skin, fasteners and landing gear of the aircraft. In addition, referring to the relevant data of 3D printing technology, it is found that aluminum alloy is suitable to work in an environment of less than 200℃. The aluminum used in the Airbus A380 fuselage accounts for more than 1x3, while C919 also uses a large number of conventional high-performance aluminum alloy materials. Aluminum alloy is used in aircraft skin, partition frame, wing rib and other parts.
Titanium alloy has become one of the most expensive metal materials because of its high melting point and difficult to process. However, Ti6Al4V titanium alloy has attracted much attention in the aerospace field because of its lightweight, high strength and high temperature resistance. Its application range includes blades, plates, casings and other parts of engine fans and compressors working in the low temperature section. The working temperature range can reach 400-500℃. In addition, it is also used in the manufacture of fuselage and capsule components, rocket engine chassis and helicopter rotor hubs. However, titanium is not an ideal choice in electrical applications because of its poor conductivity. Despite the relatively high price of titanium alloy, its high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance can not be replaced by other light metals.
Aluminum-based alloys are widely used in industry because of their excellent physical and mechanical properties, such as low density, high specific strength, strong corrosion resistance, good formability and so on. However, from the point of view of the forming process of adding material, the density of aluminum alloy is small, the fluidity of powder is relatively poor, the uniformity of laying on the SLM forming powder bed is poor, or the continuity of powder transport in the LMD process is poor, so the precision and accuracy of the powder laying / feeding system in laser augmentation manufacturing equipment are required.
At present, the main aluminum alloy used in adding materials is Al-Si alloy, in which AlSi10Mg and AlSi12 with good fluidity have been widely studied. However, because Al-Si series alloy belongs to cast aluminum alloy, although it is prepared by optimized laser reinforcement manufacturing process, its tensile strength is still difficult to break through 400MPa, which limits its use in load-bearing components with higher service performance in aerospace and other fields.
